Output Results that can be compared meaningfully across locations Input Two laboratories measuring length with instruments traceable to the metre Standardised units make measurements comparable CausesLearning
Output Voters better able to choose without proving their vote to another person Input An election process that verifies eligibility but does not expose each voter’s selection A secret ballot reduces direct pressure on individual voters CausesLearning
Output Updated accounts that retain an internally checkable balance Input A business buying equipment for cash Double-entry bookkeeping records both sides of a transaction TransformsLearning
Output A meeting more likely to finish with explicit decisions and actions Input A meeting invitation with outcomes, ordered topics and preparation notes A clear agenda focuses a meeting CausesLearning
Output Underfunding relative to the shared demand for the service Input A non-excludable service funded by voluntary contributions A public good creates a free-rider incentive CausesLearning
Output After-tax incomes with a narrower proportional spread than before tax Input Households with different taxable incomes under a progressive schedule Progressive tax rates change after-tax income distribution TransformsLearning
Output A lower quantity of goods and services affordable with that income Input Income held constant while the consumer price level rises Inflation reduces the purchasing power of unchanged money CausesLearning
Output A decision and often a revised, more defensible manuscript Input A manuscript submitted to a scholarly journal Peer review challenges a research manuscript TransformsLearning
Output Items leave in the order A, B, C Input Items A, B and C entering an empty queue in that order A FIFO queue preserves arrival order TransformsLearning
Output Faster prioritisation and a clearer expectation Input An email subject naming the project, decision and due date A specific email subject improves triage CausesLearning
Output Better long-term recall than the same practice massed into one session Input Several short study sessions separated across days Spaced practice improves later recall CausesLearning
Output Lower traded quantity and a higher equilibrium price Input Stable demand and a sudden reduction in supply A supply drop can raise market price CausesLearning
Output A clearer revised draft with documented decisions Input A first draft and focused reviewer comments Specific feedback improves a draft TransformsLearning
